- Illegal Immigrants Getting Driver's License In South Carolina
- Can Illegal Immigrants Get Driver's License
- Undocumented Immigrants Getting Drivers License
Heading to church one evening in late March, a farmworker and her sister were stopped for speeding in the village of Geneseo, N.Y. They were driving with their five children in the back of the minivan. Two were not in car seats, as required.
The police officer, trying to cite the driver for the infractions, discovered she had no driver’s license, so he called Border Patrol to review her Guatemalan passport. Both sisters were undocumented immigrants. They were detained and are facing deportation.
An applicant for a driver license (DL) or identification card (ID) must present proof of lawful presence in the US. The table on the following pages describes the acceptable documents for each type of applicant attempting to verify lawful presence. All documentation must show the applicant’s name and date of birth. Jan 01, 2019 For Undocumented Immigrants, Getting A Driver's License Could Spell Trouble With ICE In 12 states and Washington, D.C., people in the country illegally can still get a driver's license. Sep 04, 2019 Advocates for illegal immigrants say they need driver’s licenses and should have them. The proposed legislation (Massachusetts House Bill 3012.
Under a Trump administration that has taken an aggressive stance on illegal immigration, the moving car has become an easy target. A broken headlight, a seatbelt not worn, a child not in a car seat may be minor traffic violations, but for unauthorized immigrants, they can have life-altering consequences.
Routine traffic stops have always carried the threat of deportation, but during the last years of the Obama administration, when serious crimes were prioritized, the stops that simply revealed unlawful status often resulted in deferment. No longer.
Rachael Yong Yow, a spokeswoman for Immigration and Customs Enforcement, said it did not keep statistics on traffic stops that have led to detention. But over the last several months, there has been an increasing number of reports of traffic stops, whether in upstate New York, Florida or Minnesota, in which drivers have been taken into ICE custody. Even passengers have been detained and face deportation.
“If there was a valid licensed driver driving the vehicle,” the Geneseo police chief, Eric Osganian, said in a statement after the two sisters were pulled over, “there would have been no need to call Border Patrol to confirm the ID of the driver.”
As many as 12 states, along with the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, offer driver’s licenses for unauthorized immigrants, up from three in 2010. New York, which has the third-largest immigrant population in the country, is not one of them.
In large sections of the United States, unauthorized immigrants drive without a license anyway — to work, to shop or to take their children to school or other activities. Carlos Cardona, 28, who works on a dairy farm outside of Rochester, said he had no choice the night his infant daughter’s fever spiked. He drove to get her medicine. “I know we are in another country that is not our own, and I don’t like breaking the law,” he said in an interview in Spanish, “but when it comes to my family, I have to take risks.”
Luis Jimenez, 33, another dairy worker who said that he drove without a license, said: “We are workers. We are not here to harm anybody. We need things to advance.”
Illegal Immigrants Getting Driver's License In South Carolina
Supporters of efforts to allow those who are undocumented to get driver’s licenses say that public safety would improve because they would be required to pass road tests and obtain insurance. But critics said that licenses represented a privilege that unauthorized immigrants should not hold, because they should not be here in the first place.
Outside of Rochester, Tony Bartolucci, a pastor, and his daughter were struck by an unlicensed, undocumented driver on their way to buying a Christmas tree on Christmas Eve in 2015. His daughter, Giana, 14, died six months later after brain surgery.
“It was the second time that he was caught in the country illegally,” Mr. Bartolucci said. “And both times were due to his being drunk while driving. Obviously, if he wasn’t in the country illegally, it wouldn’t have happened either. But I’m not going to make a political point about it.”
He believes in restricting illegal immigration and thinks that giving driver’s licenses to people in the country illegally is just “a non sequitur.” But at the same time, Mr. Bartolucci said, he has forgiven his daughter’s killer.
While Connecticut and Vermont enacted laws in 2013 that allow noncitizens to obtain licenses, a similar effort in New York has made little progress in more than a decade.
In 2007, Gov. Eliot Spitzer ordered that unauthorized immigrants be given licenses, but within two months, he was forced to rescind the order under pressure from upstate county clerks — serving as officers of the Department of Motor Vehicles — who refused to enforce it. Bills supporting the idea have been introduced in the State Assembly the last three years, but in June, another legislative session ended without a bill for “limited purpose drivers’ licenses” getting out of the transportation committee.
Advocates for a grass-roots campaign, “Green Light NY: Driving Together,” to offer the licenses considered this year’s effort a test run for next year. They emphasized the public safety aspect of having noncitizen licenses so that all drivers know the rules of the road and carry insurance.
Senator Kathleen A. Marchione, a Republican representing the Upper Hudson Valley, was the president of the New York State Association of County Clerks when it opposed Gov. Spitzer’s initiative in 2007. She does not understand the argument for giving licenses to those who are undocumented.
“Driving without a license should not give you a right to have a driver’s license when you are already breaking the law in two instances,” she said in an interview. “That’s like saying if a kid is drinking at 16 years old, we might as well let him.”
Senator Marchione said that the association’s main objection in 2007 still stands: that creating a license designated for unauthorized immigrants could enable would-be terrorists to obtain identification. (Some of the Sept. 11 hijackers used state driver’s licenses to check in for their flights.)
The Assembly bill, proposed by a Queens Democrat, Francisco Moya, however, would ensure that the card would not be legal for federal purposes — boarding an airplane or entering federal buildings.
In New York State, driver’s licenses are offered to green card holders with Social Security numbers, and those with temporary visitor or work visas, including recipients of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Applicants must provide proof of residence and forms of identification that are weighted on a point scale.
Anne Doebler, a private immigration lawyer in Buffalo, said that undocumented immigrants want to follow traffic laws, and that civil law and immigration law should be kept distinct. “Why do we want to use our vehicle and traffic laws to enforce an immigration policy when it’s detrimental to public safety?” she asked.
“I don’t want someone to hit me who doesn’t have insurance,” she said. “I don’t care what their immigration status is.”
A recent report out of Stanford University in California, which started issuing drivers’ licenses for undocumented residents in 2015, examined the public safety aspect of the law. With 600,000 new licensed drivers who were undocumented in 2015, hit-and-run accidents decreased significantly, by 4,000, from the year before.
According to a report by the Fiscal Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank, more than 752,000 undocumented immigrants would be eligible for driver’s licenses in New York State, and of that number, roughly 265,000 would apply. Taxes and fees could assist the annual economy in counties and the state by $57 million, the report showed.
The Westchester villages of Mamaroneck, Ossining and Port Chester issued resolutions in support of the State Assembly bill earlier this year. So did Ithaca, Hudson and Irvington.
“We think that people should be able to drive so that they can be productive members of the community, as well as being properly licensed and insured,” said Nancy Seligson, the Mamaroneck town supervisor.
Recently, Alberto, a 32-year-old Mexican man living in Ulster County for the last 11 years, was on his way to visit his sick mother-in-law in Florida when a police officer pulled his car over. His wife had been breast-feeding their infant while the car was moving. That was illegal.
Alberto, who declined to give his last name because of his immigration status, said in a recent interview that he was arrested that night in Georgia. His car was impounded because he had no license to drive it. He was able to get the car back and plead to lesser charges, he said, but those charges have not yet been reduced. He could still face deportation.
Back in New York, he continues to drive, always looking over his shoulder. “I have to be perfect,” he said.
As of August 2019, 14 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico issue driver's licenses or permits to some or all of the population residing unlawfully in the United States. State laws permitting this are on the books in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington.[1][2][3] The issue is being debated in New Jersey,[4][5][6] Oregon now issues such licenses with the passage of The Equal Access To Roads Act(HB 2015) in the Oregon legislature governor Kate Brown signed the bill into law on August 9th 2019[7][8] becoming effective immediately. Oregon previously issued such licenses in 2008 and briefly from 2013 until the 2014 Oregon Ballot Measure 88.[9]
- 2New York
California[edit]
In the state of California, obtaining a driver's license did not require proof of legal presence since the early 1990s.[10][11] However, California blocked off this access in 1991, by asking all driver license applicants to provide proof of citizenship.[12] Two years later, California explicitly committed to require proof of license to state issued driver's licenses by passing Senate Bill 976.[12][11] Under SB 976 anyone requesting a driver's license from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) needed to provide proof of lawful presence in the United States.[13]
The more stringent requirements did not sit well with some of California's state legislators. Gil Cedillo, for example, chipped away at SB 976, an attempt to remove the legal presence requirement in California for state issued driver's licenses.[12] In 2003, one of Cedillo's proposals (Senate Bill 60) gained significant support in California's State legislature, was signed by former Governor Gray Davis, but did not become a law[12][14]
According to Tang (2018),[12] Cedillo decided to scrap the bill because Governor Davis, who had signed the bill, was dealing with a gubernatorial recall election.[14] Between 2006 and 2012, Cedillo continued the fight to remove the legal presence requirement in California to obtain driver's licenses. However, former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed efforts to remove the legal requirement for licenses in California supported by state legislators such as Cedillo during his term as governor.[12]
According to Andrea Silva,[15] assembly member Luis Alejo joined the fight to license illegal aliens in California early on in 2013. Various progressive organizations such as the Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (CHIRLA), the California Immigrant Policy Center (CIPC), the National Immigrant Law Center (NILC) and community activists rallied behind Alejo. However, not everyone was on board with the AB 60 law. For example, some groups such as Unlicensed to Kill and Californians for Population Stabilization resisted the measure.[15] In the past, groups such as the Federation for American Immigration Reform have also supported requiring proof of legal presence to obtain CA driver's licenses.[11]
In 2013, California removed the proof of legal presence requirement to obtain a state issued driver licenses.[16] California Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill 60 (AB 60) into law.[17] Currently still known under its bill number, AB 60 removes the legal proof requirement in California to apply for a state issued driver's licenses.[12] These driver's licenses are not REAL ID Act compliant.[12][18] This means holders of these driver's licenses could not use this identification to board an airplane, vote, or enter federal facilities.[12][19] Moreover, all applicants need to have their vehicles insured. However, some California residents who do not support the AB 60 law questions whether these safeties are enough.[20]
The AB 60 law did not take effect until the beginning of 2015.[21] In the first twelve months, a little over 600,000 people in California met all the eligibility requirements to obtain a driver's license.[22] This number continued to increase in the following months.[23] By the end of 2017, a little over 900,000 people without proof of legal presence in California obtained a driver's license under the AB 60 law.[24][25] With an increase in AB 60 driver's licenses, at least one study suggests there has been a decrease in hit-and-run incidents.[26]
New York[edit]
In the state of New York, obtaining a driver's license did not require proof of legal presence; however, New York blocked off this access in 2002, by asking all driver license applicants to provide a valid social security number. In 2019, the legislature passed the 'Driver's License Access and Privacy Act' restoring access to drivers licenses for the illegal immigrant population.
On September 2002, former Governor of New York, George E. Pataki, issued an executive order directing the Department of Motor Vehicles to require a social security number before issuing a driver's license.[27] The Pataki administration presented the measure as a 'crackdown on license fraud and as the kind of national security measure demanded by the Sept. 11 attacks.'[28] In 2004, under a policy instituted under former Governor of New York, George E. Pataki, the Department of Motor Vehicles began putting “temporary visitor” marks on licenses issued to individuals with temporary visas, along with the date that those visas expired.[29] From 2002 to 2019, illegal immigrants had been unable to secure a New York Drivers License.
First attempts to restore access to drivers licences for illegal immigrants[edit]
On September 21, 2007, Governor of New YorkEliot Spitzer issued an executive order directing that state offices allow undocumented immigrants to be issued driver's licenses.[28] The measure was supposed to be effective on December 2007.[30][31] Eventually, the executive order was withdrawn. The effort by Eliot Spitzer was introduced as a legislative bill, which was defeated in the New York State Senate.[32] Finally, the effort to restore access to driver's licenses was passed as an administrative measure through the Department of Motor Vehicles only to be withdrawn in the face of political opposition and criticism.[33]
In 2017, New York began issuing REAL ID-compliant driver's licenses. The state now employs a multi-tier system, as permitted by federal law, and offers three licenses: (1) the 'enhanced' license, (2) The 'REAL ID' license, and (3) the 'standard' license, which is used for identification purposes and for driving, but is not REAL ID-compliant.[34] Displayed on its face are the words, 'NOT FOR FEDERAL PURPOSES.'
From 2001 to 2019, undocumented immigrants were not eligible for driver's licenses in New York. Although there is nothing in New York law that requires legal status in order to obtain a standard driver's license, a 2001 executive order issued by then-Governor George Pataki created a rule that effectively prevents undocumented immigrants and other individuals without a Social Security number from obtaining licenses.
Green Light New York Coalition[edit]
In 2016, renewed effort formed a new coalition: Green Light NY. The coalition was formed primarily by Justice for Migrant Families, Worker Justice Center of New York,Workers’ Center of Central New YorkColumbia County Sanctuary Movement, Nobody Leaves Mid Hudson, Neighbors Link, MinKwon Center for Community Action, New York Immigration Coalition, and Make the Road New York with the state-wide coordination of the New York Immigration Coalition and Nobody Leaves Mid Hudson.[35]
In 2019, the coalition broadened and gained the critical support of many persons and organizations including: New York City Mayor, Bill de Blasio, Brooklyn District Attorney Eric Gonzalez,[36] Bronx District Attorney Darcel Clark,[37] Manhattan District Attorney Cy Vance, Jr.[38] On February 13, 2019 the coalition secured a resolution form the New York City Council calling for state legislation addressing this matter.[39] New York State Attorney Genera Letitita James also came out in support of the proposed legislation. Other social leaders came on board, including Rev. Al Sharpton who stated: “When routine traffic stops regularly lead to arrests and deportations of Black and Brown New Yorkers, something has to give, ... that’s why the Green Light NY bill isn’t just a public safety issue — it’s a civil rights concern.”[40]
Political Issue in the 2018 New York State Elections[edit]
In 2018 the issue began gaining more attention and became a relevant issue of the 2018 New York gubernatorial election, particularly the Democratic Primary. Then Candidate for Governor Cynthia Nixon promised an executive order to immediately restore access to drivers licenses the day after taking office.[41] Candidate Nixon made her announcement together with Council member Carlos Menchaca.[42] Governor Andrew Cuomo, the incumbent on the race, had consistently opposed the restoration of access through an executive order claiming that history proves that trying to push through such a plan via executive order is doomed to fail.[43] Attorney Luis Gomez Alfaro and the Latinos for Cuomo Committee came out strongly in support of full legislation fearing that an executive order would be challenged by County Executives or County Clerks.[44] Before the contested primary election, Kathy Hochul reversed her opposition to the restoration of Driver's Licenses and announced that she now stood with her running mate, Gov. Andrew Cuomo, in supporting licenses for the undocumented.[45] Cuomo soundly defeated Nixon in the Democratic gubernatorial primary,[46] and went on to similarly defeat Marc Molinaro in the General Election.[47]
Assembly vote[edit]
In 2019, Assemblyman Marcos Crespo introduced a bill A03675 named the 'Driver's License Access and Privacy Act.'[13] On, Speaker Carl Heastie announced that the Assembly would bring the bill to a vote and pass the bill, calling it 'a critical step towards making our roads safer, boosting our state's economy and protecting hardworking New Yorkers and their families.'[48] On June 12, 2019, Bill A0367 passed the Assembly with 86 votes in favor and 47 votes against the bill.[49]
Senate vote[edit]
In 2019, a version of the 'Driver's License Access and Privacy Act' , bill S1747. was introduced into the Senate by Luis Sepulveda.[50] Unlike Speaker Heastie, Majoirty LeaderAndrea Stweart-Cousins had not publicly omitted to schedule the bill for a vote before the end of the 2019 Legislative Session. On June 11, 2019 Deputy Majority Leader, Senator Mike Gianaris came in support of scheduling a vote for the bill stating “I wholeheartedly support this proposal and encourage all my colleagues to get behind this proposal before the legislative session ends.”[51] After the vote had cleared the Transportation Committee, Governor Cuomo expressed last-minute fears that the federal government could use state-collected information for immigration enforcement and almost derailed the vote after asking Solicitor GeneralBarbara Underwood to weigh in on the matter.[52] On June 17, 2019, the Attorney General of New York, Letitia James answered the governor stating: “I support the Green Light bill, and the Office of Attorney General has concluded that it is constitutional.'[53] She added that “the legislation is well crafted and contains ample protections for those who apply for driver’s licenses.' She concluded that 'If this bill is enacted and challenged in court, we will vigorously defend it.”[53] Additionally, the Office of the Attorney General released a memo regarding the Green Light Bill, which put to rest any legal questions and allowed the bill to be put forward for a vote before the end of the 2019 Legislative Session.[53] The Senate passed the bill on June 17, 2019 with 33 votes in favor and 29 votes against.[38] The legislation was signed into law by Governor Cuomo the same night that it passed the Senate.[54]
Reaction[edit]
A group of county clerks in New York say they will not comply with the law signed by Governor Andrew Cuomo this week. They say it conflicts with a federal labor law that prohibits employers from allowing illegal immigrants to work in the country.[52] Monroe County Executive Cheryl Dinolfo claimed she is already making plans to sue and has called her county's legislature to craft a bill allowing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the plan.[55] Erie County Clerk Michael Kearns has stated that he will not enforce the law and that he's going to federal court. Attorney General of New York Letitia James said she will defend a new state law that allows undocumented immigrants to get driver's licenses despite the defiance of some county clerks.[56] She stated: “It is not an immigration bill. It’s not going to dumb down our citizenship. It basically gives a privilege to individuals to drive to work and to school.”[56]
Among the Democratic senators, seven opposed the Driver's License Access and Privacy Act: James Skoufis, Kevin Thomas, Monica R. Martinez, Todd Kaminsky, John E. Brooks,Anna M. Kaplan, and Jim Gaughran.[57] This list includes all 6 senators from Long Island, including the three with the most recent immigrant heritage: Kevin Thomas, Anna M. Kaplan, and Monica R. Martinez. Of all Senators voting against the bill, Senator Monica R. Martinez faced the most criticisms as she had previously been a supporter of the effort to restore access to drivers licenses for undocumented immigrants, but changed her position after becoming a New York State Senator.[58][59][60]
References[edit]
Can Illegal Immigrants Get Driver's License
- ^Colford, Paul (April 3, 2013). ''Illegal people' no more'. AP. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
- ^Mendoza, Gilberto (2016). 'States Offering Driver's Licenses to Immigrants'. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^NILC (2017). 'State Laws Providing Access to Driver's Licenses or Cards, Regardless of Immigration Status'(PDF). National Immigration Law Center. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Campbell, Jon (2017). 'Driver's Licenses Sought for Ilegal Immigrants in N.Y.'Lohud. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Mendoza, Gilberto. 'States Offering Driver's Licenses to Immigrants'. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Mary C. King, Anabel López Salinas, John G. Corbett, Rafael Reyes Morales, Alicia Sylvia Gijón Cruz, and Kim M. Williams (2014). 'The Impact of U. S. State-Level Immigration Reform on Ilegal Mexican Migrants: The Loss of Access to Driver's Licenses in Oregon'. Frontera Norte. 26: 55–84.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'HB2015 2019 Regular Session - Oregon Legislative Information System'. olis.leg.state.or.us. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
- ^'The Equal Access to Roads Act - HB 2015 (2019)'. ACLU of Oregon. 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
- ^Morrison, Erica (2019-02-27). 'Oregon Legislators Want To Reinstate Driving Privileges For Undocumented Immigrants'. OPB. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
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- ^ abcJohnson, Kevin R. (2004). 'Driver's Licenses and Illegal Aliens: The Future of Civil Rights Law?'. Nevada Law Journal. 5: 213–239.
- ^ abcdefghiTang, Benjamin (2018). 'AB 60 Driver's Licenses: A Mandated Review of Instances of Discrimination'(PDF). California Research Bureau, California State Library. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^ ab'Assembly Bill A3675B'. The New York State Senate. 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
- ^ abMauricio Cáceres and Kenneth P. Jameson (2015). 'The Effects on Insurance Cost of Restricting Undocumented Immigrants Access to Driver Licenses'. Southern Economic Journal. 81 (4): 907–927. doi:10.1002/soej.12022.
- ^ abSilva, Andrea (2015). 'Illegal Aliens, Driver's Licenses, and State Policy Development: A Comparative Analysis of Oregon and California'. eScholarship. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
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- ^U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2018). 'REAL ID Frequently Asked Questions for the Public'. Homeland Security. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Grad, Shelby (2014). 'Immigrants Can Soon Get Driver's Licenses, But it's Been a Long Road'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Department of Motor Vehicles (2015). 'DMV Begins Accepting Driver License Application Under AB 60'. California.Gov. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Department of Motor Vehicles (2016). 'AB 60: 605,000 Driver's Licenses Issued In the First Year'. California.Gov. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Sanchez, Tatiana (2016). 'DMV Licensed 800,000 Illegal Aliens Under 2-Year-Old Law'. The Mercury News. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Curl, Joseph (2017). 'Nearly 1 Million Illegal Aliens Get Driver's Licenses In California'. The Daily Wire. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Koseff, Alexei (2017). 'Illegal Alien driver's licenses near milestone in California'. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^Hans Lueders, Jens Hainmueller and Duncan Lawrence (2017). 'Providing driver's licenses to unauthorized aliens in California improves traffic safety'. PNAS. 114 (16): 4111–4116. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618991114. PMC5402447. PMID28373538.
- ^Chan, Sewell (2007-09-21). 'Illegal Immigrants Will Be Allowed to Obtain Driver's Licenses'. City Room. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ abBernstein, Nina (2007-09-22). 'Spitzer Grants Illegal Immigrants Easier Access to Driver's Licenses'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^Confessore, Nicholas (2007-10-31). 'Visa Data to Be Included on Driver's Licenses Again'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^'Department of Motor Vehicles Changes License Policy to Include More New Yorkers and Implements New Regime of Anti-Fraud Measures to Strengthen the Security of the System'. press release. Office of the Governor of New York. 2007-09-21. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-11-10.[verification needed]
- ^Bernstein, Nina (2007-09-22). 'Spitzer grants illegal immigrants easier access to driver's licenses'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-14.[verification needed]
- ^Confessore, Nicholas (2007-10-23). 'Senate Votes to Stop Spitzer Plan to Give Illegal Immigrants Driver's Licenses'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^Confessore, Nicholas (2007-11-14). 'Spitzer Drops Bid to Offer Licenses More Widely'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^Filieau, George (2013-09-02). 'New York State driver license types and classes'. New York DMV. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^'Get to Know the Coalition'. GREEN LIGHT NY. 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Hogan, Bernadette (2019-02-28). 'Brooklyn DA supports plan to give driver's licenses to illegal immigrants'. New York Post. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Deutsch, Kevin. 'Bronx DA Comes Out in Favor of Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants'. bronxjusticenews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^ abWang, Vivian (2019-06-17). 'Driver's Licenses for the Undocumented Are Approved in Win for Progressives'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Jorgensen, Michael Gartland, Jillian. 'Bill to let undocumented residents get driver's licenses to be introduced in City Council: exclusive'. nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^'Al Sharpton: Illegal aliens must have driver's licenses, calls it a 'civil rights concern''. GOPUSA. 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^Magnarelli, Tom. 'Nixon supports driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants, wants less cooperation with ICE'. www.wrvo.org. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^'Immigrant Rights'. Cynthia For New York. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Schapiro, Edgar Sandoval, Rich. 'Cuomo urged to allow driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants after ICE arrested pizza deliveryman'. nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^'Kearns says auto bureaus won't process licenses for undocumented immigrants'. The Buffalo News. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Vielkind, Jimmy. 'Hochul clarifies position on immigrant driver's licenses'. Politico PRO. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
- ^Nahmias, Laura. 'Cuomo sails to primary victory, with eyes to the White House'. Politico PRO. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^'RealClearPolitics - Election 2018 - New York Governor - Molinaro vs. Cuomo'. www.realclearpolitics.com. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^'Speaker Carl Heastie and Assemblymember Marcos Crespo Statement on Access to Drivers Licenses for all New Yorkers'. nyassembly.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drivers-liscense-undocumented-immigrants_n_5d02934ce4b0dc17ef06422f
- ^'NY State Senate Bill S1747B'. NY State Senate. 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^'Queens leaders unite in Flushing urging for the passage of driver's licenses for all'. QNS.com. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^ abSlattery, Denis. 'Cuomo says fate of law granting driver's licenses to undocumented immigrants uncertain as county clerks vow to defy new statute'. nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^ abc'Attorney General James' Statement On Green Light Bill | New York State Attorney General'. ag.ny.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/nyregion/undocumented-immigrants-drivers-licenses-ny.html
- ^Goldbaum, Christina (2019-06-21). 'Rebellion by County Clerks Over N.Y. Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^ abD'Iorio, Desiree. 'AG James Defends Immigrant Driver's License Law'. www.wshu.org. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
- ^'NY State Senate Bill S1747A'. NY State Senate. 2019-05-30. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^'Senadora salvadoreña contra licencias para indocumentados'. Washington Hispanic. 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^Junio 2019, Por: Edwin Martinez | 18 de. 'Indocumentados cuentan los días para tener licencias en diciembre'. El Diario NY (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- ^'Salvadoreña entre senadores que no apoyaron la licencia de conducir para indocumentados en Nueva York'. elsalvador.com (in Spanish). 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
Undocumented Immigrants Getting Drivers License
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